Horizontal and vertical control – Methods – specifications – triangulation- baseline – instruments and accessories – corrections – satellite stations – reduction to centre- trigonometrical levelling – single and reciprocal observations – traversing – Gale‟s table.

Errors Sources- precautions and corrections – classification of errors – true and most probable values- weighed observations – method of equal shifts –principle of least squares -0 normal equation – correlates- level nets- adjustment of simple triangulation networks.

UNIT III       TOTAL STATION SURVEYING                                                                              

Basic  Principle  –  Classifications  -Electro-optical  system:  Measuring  principle,  Working principle, Sources of Error, Infrared and Laser Total Station instruments. Microwave system: Measuring principle, working principle, Sources of Error, Microwave Total Station instruments. Comparis on between Electro-optical and Microwave system. Care and maintenance of Total Station instruments. Modern positioning systems – Traversing and Trilateration.

UNIT IV       GPS SURVEYING                                                                                                 

 Basic Concepts – Different segments – space, control and user segments – satellite configuration – signal structure – Orbit determination and representation – Anti Spoofing and Selective Availability – Task of control segment – Hand Held and Geodetic receivers –data processing – Traversing and triangulation.

UNIT V        ADVANCED TOPICS IN SURVEYING                                                                     

Route Surveying – Reconnaissance – Route surveys for highways, railways and waterways – Simple curves – Compound and reverse curves – Setting out Methods – Transition curves – Functions and requirements – Setting out by offsets and angles – Vertical curves – Sight distances- hydrographic surveying – Tides – MSL – Sounding methods – Three-point problem – Strength of fix – Sextants and station pointer- Astronomical Surveying – field observations and  determination  of Azimuth  by  altitude  and  hour  angle  methods  –  fundamentals  of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

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